How to Build an RFID Asset Tracking System

An RFID asset tracking system is a technology-based solution used to monitor the location, status, and movement of physical assets using RFID tags and readers. Unlike barcodes, RFID tags don’t require line-of-sight scanning. This makes asset management faster, more accurate, and more efficient.

• Automatic identification of tagged items
• Real-time location tracking
• Audit trail for asset movement
• Alerts for unauthorized movement or loss
• Integration with enterprise systems like ERP or WMS

RFID Tags

These are small electronic devices attached to assets. They consist of a microchip and an antenna and can be classified as:

• Passive Tags: No battery; activated by reader signal. Ideal for cost-effective, short-to-mid range tracking.

RFID Readers

These devices transmit signals to tags and receive tag responses.

• Handheld Readers: Portable, used for manual scanning or audits.
• Fixed Readers: Mounted in specific locations like doorways or production lines for automatic tracking.
• Integrated Readers: Include antennas, processors, and connectivity in one compact unit.

RFID Antennas

RFID Antennas emit RF signals and receive tag responses. The number and placement of antennas affect read range and accuracy.

Middleware & Software

Middleware filters and processes raw RFID data, while the software provides interfaces for asset visibility, reporting, and integration.

Networking & Power

To ensure connectivity between readers and systems, a reliable network (wired or wireless) and a stable power supply are essential.

Start by identifying why you need RFID. Common goals include:

• Real-time visibility of assets
• Reducing loss and theft
• Automating asset audits
• Compliance with regulations

List all the assets you want to track: equipment, tools, pallets, IT assets, etc. Note their material type, location, and mobility.

Map the facility to determine where assets are stored, moved, or used. Consider:

• Entry/exit points
• Storage areas
• Operational zones
• Transition points

Metal surfaces, liquids, and interference can affect RFID performance. Choose tags and readers suited to the operating environment.

Consider:

• Form Factor: Label, card, hard tag
• Mounting Type: Adhesive, screw, strap
• Durability: Temperature, water, impact resistance
• Memory: Read-only vs. read-write
• Range Requirements: Passive for <20 ft, active for >100 ft depend upon the read environment.

Popular brands: Zebra, Confidex, TagMatiks

• Handheld: Ideal for periodic audits. Example: Zebra RFD40, Impinj R700 with mobile sled.
• Fixed: Continuous tracking. Choose based on the number of ports, range, and protocols supported.
• Integrated: Easier setup, used for zones with fewer devices.

Directional vs. omnidirectional antennas: the number depends on the area size and read zones.

• Read Zones: Define where and when assets will be read.
• Data Flow: Determine how data moves from tags to software.
• Integration Points: Identify if data should feed into ERP, inventory, or security systems.

Create a floor plan showing:

• Tag placement
• Reader and antenna positions
• Network and power connections

• Clean the asset surface before applying RFID tags
• Use epoxy or rivets for rugged environments
• Associate the tag ID with asset metadata in the system

• Mount antennas at optimal height and angle
• Test read ranges to avoid dead zones
• Secure cabling and power supplies

• Set power levels and read intervals
• Define filtering logic to reduce duplicate reads
• Enable data encryption if required

Choose between:

• On-Premise RFID Software: Better control, used in regulated industries.
• Cloud-Based RFID Software: Easier deployment, remote access, automatic updates.

Middleware processes raw tag reads and passes useful data to applications. Functions include:

• Event filtering
• Time stamping
• Location calculation
• Duplicate removal